{"id":554,"date":"2019-04-20T16:06:14","date_gmt":"2019-04-20T14:06:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/?p=554"},"modified":"2019-04-20T18:45:01","modified_gmt":"2019-04-20T16:45:01","slug":"andalusie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/2019\/04\/20\/andalusie\/","title":{"rendered":"Andalusie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Andalusie je m\u016fj obl\u00edben\u00fd \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd region. M\u016f\u017eete nam\u00edtnout &#8211; a budete m\u00edt pravdu &#8211; \u017ee pro mne neexistuje ve \u0160pan\u011blsku m\u00edsto, kter\u00e9 bych nem\u011bla v oblib\u011b, ale Andalusie m\u00e1 obzvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed schopnost okouzlovat. M\u00e1 pro to ostatn\u011b v\u0161echny p\u0159edpoklady: slune\u010dn\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed, pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e i Atlantiku, tyrkysov\u00e9 \u0159eky, citron\u00edkov\u00e9 h\u00e1je, v\u011b\u010dn\u011b zasn\u011b\u017een\u00e9 vrcholky poho\u0159\u00ed Sierra Nevada, architektonick\u00e9 skvosty, okouzluj\u00edc\u00ed m\u011bsta a p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 obyvatelsto. Krom\u011b toho disponuje jak\u00fdmsi bo\u017e\u00edm prstem, kter\u00fd se dotkne p\u0159\u00edmo va\u0161eho srdce a rozehraje v n\u011bm struny dosud nepoznan\u00e9. Pokud ale nejste ezotericky nalad\u011bni, klidn\u011b v\u011b\u0159te, \u017ee ten pocit dojet\u00ed a \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed tepl\u00e9 slune\u010dn\u00ed paprsky na va\u0161em rameni a sm\u011bs v\u016fn\u011b pomeran\u010dov\u00fdch kv\u011bt\u016f a \u010destv\u011b usma\u017een\u00fdch <em>croquetas<\/em> z nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho baru!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u00fadaje<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Andalusie je nejlidnat\u011bj\u0161\u00edm autonomn\u00edm spole\u010denstv\u00edm \u0160pan\u011blska, m\u00e1 lehce p\u0159es 8 milion\u016f obyvatel, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 druh\u00fdm nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm co do rozlohy (hned po autonomn\u00edm spole\u010denstv\u00ed Castilla y Le\u00f3n). Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se na jihu Pyrenejsk\u00e9ho poloostrova, nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi m\u011bsty na jej\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed jsou Sevilla (hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Andalusie), Almer\u00eda, Granada, M\u00e1laga, C\u00e1diz, C\u00f3rdoba, Ja\u00e9n a Huelva. \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd n\u00e1zev &#8222;Andaluc\u00eda&#8220; poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze jm\u00e9na &#8222;al-Andalus&#8220;, tak se ozna\u010dovalo st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 teritorium Pyrenejsk\u00e9ho poloostrova pod muslimskou nadvl\u00e1dou mezi lety 711 &#8211; 1492 n.l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"773\" src=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_1211-1024x773.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"555\" class=\"wp-image-555\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_1211-1024x773.png 1024w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_1211-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_1211-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_1211.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Andalusie na map\u011b \u0160pan\u011blska<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_1210-1024x682.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"556\" data-link=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/?attachment_id=556\" class=\"wp-image-556\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_1210-1024x682.png 1024w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_1210-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_1210-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_1210.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Andalusk\u00e1 vlajka<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Andalusk\u00fdmi barvami jsou zelen\u00e1 a b\u00edl\u00e1, zelen\u00e1 symbolizuje nad\u011bji a jednotu, b\u00edl\u00e1 pak m\u00edr a dialog. Na erbu um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9m uprost\u0159ed vlajky je zobrazen Hercules jako symbol ment\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edly, kter\u00fd ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 s\u00edlu pudovou (reprezentovanou vyobrazen\u00fdmi lvy) s n\u00e1pisem &#8222;Andaluc\u00eda por s\u00ed, para Espa\u00f1a y para Humanidad&#8220; (\u010desky &#8222;Andalusie za sebe, pro \u0160pan\u011blsko a pro lidstvo&#8220;) &#8211; co\u017e m\u00e1 znamenat zhruba tolik, \u017ee Andalusan\u00e9 nejsou sobci a krom\u011b sebe mysl\u00ed i na ostatn\u00ed. Opravdu nejsou &#8211; m\u00e1lokde najdete tak otev\u0159en\u00e9, p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 a \u0161t\u011bdr\u00e9 lidi!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>al-Andalus<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Historie Andalusie je neodmysliteln\u011b spjat\u00e1 s \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed al-Andalus. Muslimsk\u00e1 historie \u0160pan\u011blska je dlouh\u00e1 a neoby\u010dejn\u011b komplikovan\u00e1, pln\u00e1 v\u00e1lek, tahanic, neust\u00e1le se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edch hranic a t\u011b\u017eko vysloviteln\u00fdch jmen. Pro lehkou po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed orientaci sta\u010d\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee v osm\u00e9m stolet\u00ed Arabov\u00e9 dobyli od jihu prakticky cel\u00fd Pyrenejsk\u00fd poloostrov a \u017ee verze isl\u00e1mu, kterou s sebou tehdy p\u0159ivezli, byla pom\u011brn\u011b tolerantn\u00ed, co\u017e vedlo k tomu, \u017ee (zejm\u00e9na tedy zpo\u010d\u00e1tku) spolu muslimov\u00e9, k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 a \u017eid\u00e9 v al-Andalus docela spokojen\u011b \u017eili. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nejd\u0159\u00edve byla nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm centrem zem\u011b C\u00f3rdoba (za \u010das\u016f C\u00f3rdobsk\u00e9ho chal\u00edf\u00e1tu). Muslimov\u00e9 t\u00e9to po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed \u00e9ry al-Andalus byli velmi otev\u0159en\u00ed a na pom\u011bry ran\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku dost vzd\u011blan\u00ed a pokro\u010dil\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na ve strovn\u00e1n\u00ed s tehdej\u0161\u00edm vizig\u00f3tsk\u00fdm \u0160pan\u011blskem, kde byla voda na umyt\u00ed sprost\u00e9 slovo). V des\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed m\u011bla C\u00f3rdoba dl\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 ulice, ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed a propracovanou kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165. Z t\u00e9 doby poch\u00e1z\u00ed jedna z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek, c\u00f3rdobsk\u00e1 La Mezquita. Arabov\u00e9 p\u0159ivezli poznatky o zavla\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, tak\u017ee zem\u011b byla \u00farodn\u00e1 a plodila mno\u017estv\u00ed ovoce, zeleniny, oliv a citrusov\u00fdch plod\u016f. Tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali pap\u00edr, a proto vzkv\u00e9tala v\u00fdroba knih a provozov\u00e1n\u00ed knihoven. Dovedete si p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee na vrcholku chal\u00edf\u00e1tu m\u011bla C\u00f3rdoba skoro 100 knihoven? Na 10. stolet\u00ed v Evrop\u011b docela dobr\u00fd \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V roce 1031 \u00e9ra chal\u00edf\u00e1tu skon\u010dila a al-Andalus se rozpadla na spoustu mal\u00fdch taifsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed (slovo &#8222;taifa&#8220; znamen\u00e1 v arab\u0161tin\u011b n\u011bco jako mocensk\u00e1 skupina). Ty spolu samoz\u0159ejm\u011b neust\u00e1le o n\u011bco soupe\u0159ily v nekone\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch, ale obecn\u011b se d\u00e1 \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee na jihu sp\u00ed\u0161e vzkv\u00e9taly a sm\u011brem na sever upadaly. Z taifsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed je v Andalusii k vid\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad pevnost La Alcazaba v M\u00e1laze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>U\u017e ke konci 11. stolet\u00ed se za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 prosazovat p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd kurz, tendence, kterou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed nejprve Almor\u00e1vid\u00e9 a pozd\u011bji Almohad\u00e9, co\u017e, stu\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, jsou oboj\u00ed berber\u0161t\u00ed Arabov\u00e9. Pokud historii hrub\u011b zredukujeme, d\u00e1 se zkonstatovat, \u017ee Almor\u00e1vid\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161li do \u0160pan\u011blska \u0161\u00ed\u0159it prav\u00fd isl\u00e1m, ale pod vlivem p\u0159\u00edjemn\u011b konzumn\u00ed kultury al-Andalus vym\u011bkli, na\u010de\u017e tam vyrazili je\u0161t\u011b o n\u011bco fanati\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Almohad\u00e9, dali jim p\u0159es tlamu a ve 12. stolet\u00ed se zmocnili nadvl\u00e1dy. Za vl\u00e1dy Almohad\u016f se pak stala hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem al-Andalus Sevilla a vznikla spousta architektonick\u00fdch skvost\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eete obdivovat v Andalusii dodnes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5825-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-557\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5825-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5825-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Sevillsk\u00e1 Giralda je ze dvou (spodn\u00edch) t\u0159etin minaretem postaven\u00fdm Almohady. Zvonice v horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti byla dod\u00e1na pozd\u011bji k\u0159es\u0165any.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ta\u017een\u00ed Almohad\u016f \u0160pan\u011blskem byla vlastn\u011b takov\u00e1 svat\u00e1 v\u00e1lka proti v\u0161em &#8211; na severu proti k\u0159es\u0165an\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed za\u010d\u00ednali m\u00edt Arab\u016f tak akor\u00e1t a reconquista byla na spadnut\u00ed, a na jihu proti m\u00e1lo fundamentalistick\u00fdm muslim\u016fm tehdej\u0161\u00edho al-Andalus. Fanatismus a neust\u00e1l\u00e9 boje se Almohad\u016fm nakonec v\u016fbec nevyplatily. \u0158\u00ed\u0161i opustili u\u010denci jin\u00fdch vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 reconquista byla \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1: na po\u010d\u00e1tku 13. stolet\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 dobyli zp\u011bt prakticky cel\u00fd Pyrenejsk\u00fd poloostrov v\u010detn\u011b C\u00f3rdoby, Valencie a hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Sevilly. Z cel\u00e9 slavn\u00e9 al-Andalus zbyla posledn\u00ed muslimsk\u00e1 ba\u0161ta &#8211; Granadsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5950-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-558\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5950-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5950-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Torre del Oro v Seville &#8211; n\u00e1dhern\u00e1 uk\u00e1zka almohadsk\u00e9 architektury<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Granada<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zat\u00edmco zbytek \u0160pan\u011blska je u\u017e k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fd, v Granad\u011b vzkv\u00e9t\u00e1 posledn\u00ed taifsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b dlouh\u00fdch 250 let, a to a\u017e do roku 1492. Jak je to mo\u017en\u00e9? Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 13. stolet\u00ed se toti\u017e vl\u00e1dy v Granad\u011b uj\u00edm\u00e1 dynastie <em>Nazar\u00edes<\/em> (\u010desky &#8222;Nasrovci&#8220;). Tehdej\u0161\u00ed vl\u00e1dci nav\u00e1zali na tu nejlep\u0161\u00ed tradici al-Andalus a vydali se cestou tolerance a pokroku. Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00fdstavba granadsk\u00e9ho pevnostn\u00edho a pal\u00e1cov\u00e9ho komplexu Alhambra, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017eeme dodnes bez nads\u00e1zky pova\u017eovat za jednu z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kulturn\u00edch a architektonick\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek cel\u00e9 planety. Granadsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed d\u00edky sv\u00e9 strategick\u00e9 poloze na b\u0159ehu St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e fungovalo jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd zprost\u0159edkovatel obchodu, do zbytku \u0160pan\u011blska dod\u00e1valo granadskou zeleninu a ovoce (a nazp\u00e1tek kupovalo obil\u00ed, kter\u00e9mu se v Andalusii neda\u0159\u00ed) a d\u00edky t\u00e9to prosperit\u011b si mohlo dovolit platit k\u0159es\u0165an\u016fm tzv. parias, poplatky za ne\u00fato\u010den\u00ed. Na sklonku st\u0159edov\u011bku se Granada stala bohat\u00fdm a prosperuj\u00edc\u00edm st\u00e1tem, kde krom\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed fungovala i \u0159emesla a obchod. Arabov\u00e9 v\u011bnovali spoustu \u010dasu t\u011blesn\u00e9 o\u010dist\u011b, tak\u017ee Andalusie byla doslova poseta arabsk\u00fdmi l\u00e1zn\u011bmi <em>hammam<\/em>, jejich\u017e v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b zachoval\u00e9 poz\u016fstatky m\u016f\u017eete obdivovat na spoust\u011b m\u00edst. U\u017e tehdy v nich let\u011bly l\u00e1ze\u0148sk\u00e9 procedury, koup\u00e1n\u00ed a depilace. Definitivn\u00ed te\u010dku za arabskou p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed na Pyrenejsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b nakonec ud\u011blala Katolick\u00e1 veli\u010denstva &#8211; Ferdinand Aragonsk\u00fd a Isabella Kastillsk\u00e1.  Granada byla v roce 1492 dobyta k\u0159es\u0165any.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Stopy arabsk\u00e9 kultury ve \u0160pan\u011blsku<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na chv\u00edli odbo\u010d\u00edme od Andalusie: muslimskou architekturu m\u016f\u017eete ve \u0160pan\u011blsku naj\u00edt i hodn\u011b, hodn\u011b na severu. Nezapom\u00ednejme, \u017ee al-Andalus zpo\u010d\u00e1tku dosahovala prakticky a\u017e do Francie, a nap\u0159\u00edklad Zaragoza byla za obdob\u00ed c\u00f3rdobsk\u00e9ho chal\u00edf\u00e1tu jednou z jej\u00edch v\u00fdkladn\u00edch sk\u0159\u00edn\u00ed. Nepr\u00e1vem turisty opom\u00edjen\u00fd Palacio de Aljafer\u00eda z 11. stolet\u00ed v Zaragoze je jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkladnou uk\u00e1zkou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7464-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"561\" data-link=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/?attachment_id=561\" class=\"wp-image-561\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7464-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7464-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7464.jpg 1512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>La Aljafer\u00eda, Zaragoza<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7459-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"562\" data-link=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/?attachment_id=562\" class=\"wp-image-562\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7459-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7459-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7459-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7459.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>La Aljafer\u00eda, Zaragoza<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Typick\u00e9 pro muslimsk\u00e9 stavby jsou siln\u00e9 obvodov\u00e9 zdi pro ochranu p\u0159ed sluncem, vnit\u0159n\u00ed dvory (\u0161pan\u011blsky <em>patios<\/em>) a l\u00e1skypln\u011b obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00e9 zahrady s mno\u017estv\u00edm rybn\u00ed\u010dk\u016f a font\u00e1n, nebo\u0165 Arabov\u00e9 milovali zele\u0148 a vodu. Jejich architektura se vyzna\u010duje zdobnost\u00ed a propracovan\u00fdmi motivy, zejm\u00e9na geometrick\u00fdmi a krajkov\u00fdmi, proto\u017ee isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed nezobrazuje \u017eiv\u00e9 tvory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5094-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-559\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5094-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5094-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Dal\u0161\u00ed uk\u00e1zka muslimsk\u00e9 architektury: Alc\u00e1zar v Seville, pod zdoben\u00fdm obloukem vchod do zahrady<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Arab\u0161t\u00ed stavitel\u00e9 hojn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvali m\u00e1lo trvanliv\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly jako d\u0159evo, cihly a s\u00e1dru. Muslimsk\u00e9 stavby nem\u011bly p\u0159etrvat na v\u011b\u010dnost, nebo\u0165 se optimisticky v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee dal\u0161\u00ed isl\u00e1msk\u00e1 generace postav\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bco lep\u0161\u00edho a v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho. Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed se jich na \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed dochovalo po\u0159\u00e1d dost, a jejich kr\u00e1sa a propracovanost bere dech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5068-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5068-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5068-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>\u0160tukov\u00e1 v\u00fdzdoba sevillsk\u00e9ho Alc\u00e1zaru<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku \u010dasto naraz\u00edte i na slovo &#8222;mud\u00e9jar&#8220; (\u010dte se &#8222;mud\u00e9char&#8220;), co\u017e se vztahuje k isl\u00e1msk\u00e9mu um\u011bn\u00ed produkovan\u00e9mu muslimy, kte\u0159\u00ed z\u016fstali \u017e\u00edt na \u00fazem\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. P\u011bkn\u00e9 uk\u00e1zky mud\u00e9jarsk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed najdete nap\u0159\u00edklad v u\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 Zaragoze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7577-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-567\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7577-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7577-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7577-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_7577.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Typick\u00e1 uk\u00e1zka mud\u00e9jarsk\u00e9 architektury, Zaragoza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Vedle architektury zanechali Arabov\u00e9 ve \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tin\u011b rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed. Slov arabsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu jsou v dne\u0161n\u00edm jazyce p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b \u010dty\u0159i t\u00eds\u00edce (!), co\u017e \u010din\u00ed z arab\u0161tiny druh\u00fd nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zdroj \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby hned po latin\u011b. V\u011bt\u0161inou je hrozn\u011b jednodu\u0161e pozn\u00e1te, proto\u017ee se zpravidla p\u0159ej\u00edmala z arab\u0161tiny spole\u010dn\u011b se \u010dlenem -al, co\u017e nenech\u00e1v\u00e1 prostor pro pochyby, odkud se vzala slova jako <em>almohada<\/em> (pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159), <em>alfombra<\/em> (koberec), <em>aceite<\/em> (olej) nebo <em>aldea<\/em> (vesnice). Dokonce i veskrze dne\u0161n\u00ed znak &#8222;#&#8220;&nbsp;se ve \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tin\u011b naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <em>almohadilla<\/em> (pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159ek) a zavin\u00e1\u010d &#8222;@&#8220; se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <em>arroba<\/em>, co\u017e je slovo, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1z\u00ed z arabsk\u00e9ho &#8222;arrub&#8220; (\u010dtvrtina) . Oliva se ve \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tin\u011b p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b ne\u0159ekne oliva, ale pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se arabsk\u00fd v\u00fdraz <em>aceituna<\/em>. Arabsk\u00fd vliv je mimochodem jednou z v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 odli\u0161uj\u00ed \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tinu od nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed katal\u00e1n\u0161tiny. Muslimov\u00e9 toti\u017e byli z \u00fazem\u00ed Katal\u00e1nska velmi brzy vytla\u010deni, a tak je katal\u00e1nsky pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159 <em>coix\u00ed<\/em>, oliva je <em>oliva<\/em> a koberec se \u0159ekne <em>catifa<\/em>.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Podneb\u00ed<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Andalusk\u00e9 podneb\u00ed je hork\u00e9 a such\u00e9. M\u00e1lo pr\u0161\u00ed a letn\u00ed teploty mohou p\u0159esahovat 40 stup\u0148\u016f Celsia. V l\u00e9t\u011b se tedy st\u00e1hn\u011bte na jednu z mnoha andalusk\u00fdch pl\u00e1\u017e\u00ed a objevov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bst si rad\u011bji nechte na jaro nebo na podzim. Jaro je ostatn\u011b zdaleka nejlep\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00edm pro turistiku, proto\u017ee Andalusie cel\u00e1 kvete a von\u00ed po pomeran\u010dovn\u00edc\u00edch. \u010cas od \u010dasu v\u00e1s mohou p\u0159ekvapit prudk\u00e9 bou\u0159e a de\u0161t\u011b i b\u011bhem l\u00e9ta, tzv. <em>gotas fr\u00edas<\/em>, a v oblastech v bl\u00edzkosti poho\u0159\u00ed Sierra Nevada ne\u0161kod\u00ed pro jistotu p\u0159ibalit bundu. Ostatn\u011b, vrcholky Sierra Nevady jsou zasn\u011b\u017een\u00e9 celoro\u010dn\u011b a pr\u00e1v\u011b tady se nach\u00e1z\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hora pevninsk\u00e9ho \u0160pan\u011blska, Mulhac\u00e9n, kter\u00fd m\u011b\u0159\u00ed 3 478 m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5204-1-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-564\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5204-1-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5204-1-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Pomeran\u010dovn\u00edky v sevillsk\u00e9m parku<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Jazyk a obyvatel\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Andalusan\u00e9 jsou velmi otev\u0159en\u00ed a p\u0159\u00e1tel\u0161t\u00ed. Na \u010desk\u00e9 pom\u011bry jsou dost p\u0159\u00edm\u00ed a jejich zp\u016fsoby mohou rezervovan\u00fdm \u010cech\u016fm p\u0159ipadat a\u017e buransk\u00e9. Maj\u00ed ale zlat\u00e1, pohostinn\u00e1 srdce a ty nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed porce tapas zadarmo v\u00e1m naserv\u00edruj\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b tady. Va\u0161e jm\u00e9no nikoho nezaj\u00edm\u00e1, v\u0161ichni v\u00e1m budou \u0159\u00edkat <em>guapa<\/em> (kr\u00e1sko) nebo <em>guapo<\/em> (fe\u0161\u00e1ku), a to bez ohledu na to, kolik je v\u00e1m let.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Co se t\u00fd\u010de jazyka, andalusk\u00fd dialekt se dost radik\u00e1ln\u011b odli\u0161uje od standardn\u00ed \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny. Na prvn\u00ed poslech zaujme hl\u00e1skou &#8222;h&#8220;, kter\u00e1 ve spoust\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nahrazuje &#8222;s&#8220;, t\u0159eba slovo &#8222;est\u00e1&#8220; (je) se vyslov\u00ed jako &#8222;eht\u00e1&#8220;, a d\u00e1le prakticky v\u0161ude nahrazuje psan\u00e9 &#8222;j&#8220; (ve standardn\u00ed \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tin\u011b vyslovovan\u00e9 jako &#8222;ch&#8220;). Souhl\u00e1sky na konci slov se typicky nevyslovuj\u00ed v\u016fbec. Ze \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho &#8222;mujer&#8220; (\u017eena, vyslovov\u00e1no jako &#8222;mucher&#8220;) se tak st\u00e1v\u00e1 &#8222;muhe&#8220;, slova &#8222;dif\u00edcil&#8220; (t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd) a &#8222;f\u00e1cil&#8220; (lehk\u00fd) se vyslov\u00ed jako &#8222;difisi&#8220; a &#8222;fasi&#8220;. Pokud na v\u00e1s Andalusan vyst\u0159el\u00ed, \u017ee je n\u011bco &#8222;mufasi&#8220;, ani pro rodil\u00e9ho \u0160pan\u011bla nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee t\u00edm mysl\u00ed &#8222;muy f\u00e1cil&#8220; (hodn\u011b lehk\u00e9). Dal\u0161\u00edm srandovn\u00edm rysem je vyslovov\u00e1n\u00ed &#8222;r&#8220; nam\u00edsto &#8222;l&#8220;, tak\u017ee m\u016f\u017eete sly\u0161el &#8222;durse&#8220; m\u00edsto &#8222;dulce&#8220; (sladk\u00fd) nebo &#8222;arcarde&#8220; m\u00edsto &#8222;alcalde&#8220; (starosta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tot\u00e1ln\u011b ul\u00edtl\u00e1 v\u00fdslovnost m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou roztomil\u00fdch nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed. Tak nap\u0159\u00edklad slovo &#8222;alto&#8220; (vysok\u00fd) se v andalusk\u00e9m dialektu vyslov\u00ed jako &#8222;arto&#8220;, co\u017e ve standardn\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdslovnosti znamen\u00e1 &#8222;harto&#8220; (otr\u00e1ven\u00fd, ve smyslu m\u00edt n\u011b\u010deho pln\u00e9 zuby), a slovo &#8222;alma&#8220; (du\u0161e) se vyslov\u00ed jako &#8222;arma&#8220;, co\u017e ve \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tin\u011b znamen\u00e1 zbra\u0148. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rozd\u00edl mezi andaluskou a \u0161pan\u011blskou v\u00fdslovnost\u00ed je obl\u00edben\u00fdm humorn\u00fdm prvkem \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch film\u016f. Pokud ale jedete do Andalusie poprv\u00e9 a hodl\u00e1te se dorozum\u00edvat \u0161pan\u011blsky, rad\u011bji se p\u0159ipravte na to, \u017ee se po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b zapot\u00edte!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Andalusie dala sv\u011btu tak\u00e9 n\u011bkolik hodn\u011b slavn\u00fdch jmen. Rodil\u00fdmi Andalusany byli t\u0159eba mal\u00ed\u0159i Vel\u00e1squez a Picasso nebo spisovatel Federico Garc\u00eda Lorca. Ze sou\u010dasn\u00edk\u016f jeden za v\u0161echny: herec Antonio Banderas se narodil v andalusk\u00e9 M\u00e1laze a \u017eije o 50 kilometr\u016f d\u00e1l v posh p\u0159\u00edm\u011bstsk\u00e9m letovisku Marbella.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5719-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-566\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5719-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5719-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IMG_5719-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption>Andalusk\u00fd C\u00e1diz<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Andalusie je m\u016fj obl\u00edben\u00fd \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd region. M\u016f\u017eete nam\u00edtnout &#8211; a budete m\u00edt pravdu &#8211; \u017ee pro mne neexistuje ve \u0160pan\u011blsku m\u00edsto, kter\u00e9 bych nem\u011bla v oblib\u011b, ale Andalusie m\u00e1 obzvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed schopnost okouzlovat. M\u00e1 pro to ostatn\u011b v\u0161echny p\u0159edpoklady: slune\u010dn\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed, pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e i Atlantiku, tyrkysov\u00e9 \u0159eky, citron\u00edkov\u00e9 h\u00e1je, v\u011b\u010dn\u011b zasn\u011b\u017een\u00e9 vrcholky poho\u0159\u00ed Sierra Nevada, &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/2019\/04\/20\/andalusie\/\" class=\"more-link\">Pokra\u010dovat ve \u010dten\u00ed<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8222;Andalusie&#8220;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3,17],"tags":[16,44,45],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/554"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=554"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/554\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":576,"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/554\/revisions\/576"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=554"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=554"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=554"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}