{"id":504,"date":"2019-03-22T18:00:01","date_gmt":"2019-03-22T17:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/?p=504"},"modified":"2019-03-22T15:33:19","modified_gmt":"2019-03-22T14:33:19","slug":"spanelstina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/2019\/03\/22\/spanelstina\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0160pan\u011bl\u0161tina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pro\u010d je ta holka tak posedl\u00e1?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cerven 1995, \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e1 Valencie<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ospal\u00e9 valencijsk\u00e9 hn\u00edzdo Pe\u00f1\u00edscola le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Costa del Azahar m\u00e1 za pl\u00e1\u017e\u00ed jen jednu hlavn\u00ed ulici, Avinguda de Papa Luna. \u0160koln\u00ed v\u00fdlety nejsou ve st\u0159edu z\u00e1jmu ubytovac\u00edch kapacit, a tak bydl\u00edme v posledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b dom\u016f obr\u00e1cen\u00fdch sm\u011brem do vnitrozem\u00ed. Ze sv\u00e9 postele dohl\u00e9dnu otev\u0159en\u00fdmi balkonov\u00fdmi dve\u0159mi na rann\u00ed nebe a pust\u00fd \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd \u00fahor – such\u00e1 tr\u00e1va, na obzoru kopce, sem tam koza. V\u0161ude je ticho, kdy\u017e dole pod okny klapnou dve\u0159e a mimo m\u016fj zorn\u00fd \u00fahel vych\u00e1z\u00ed ven na prvn\u00ed rann\u00ed cig\u00e1rko dvojice zam\u011bstnanc\u016f hotelu. Za p\u00e1r vte\u0159in poprv\u00e9 usly\u0161\u00edm to, co u\u017e pro m\u011b nav\u017edycky bude ten nejslad\u0161\u00ed zvuk na sv\u011bt\u011b – mluvenou evropskou \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tinu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bylo to v dob\u011b, kdy byly v m\u00f3d\u011b odbarven\u00e9 dlouhonoh\u00e9 blond\u00fdny z Pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed hl\u00eddky a docela dob\u0159e se pamatuji, \u017ee podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st onoho z\u00e1jezdu jsem se rozmrzele ptala sama sebe, pro\u010d jsem se zrovna j\u00e1 narodila tak mal\u00e1 a beznad\u011bjn\u011b tmavovlas\u00e1. Ne\u017e mi do\u0161la spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f, musela jsem si dvacet let po\u010dkat, ale u\u017e tehdy zn\u011bla To abys jednou dokonale zapadla sem.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ten den r\u00e1no kombinace vyprahl\u00e9 krajiny, rann\u00edho horka a nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 melodick\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di zp\u016fsobila, \u017ee n\u011bco zacvaklo na sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto jako posledn\u00ed d\u00edlek do puzzle. Obstojn\u00e9 z\u00e1klady \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny jsem pobrala b\u011bhem t\u0159\u00ed prvn\u00edch ro\u010dn\u00edk\u016f na V\u0160 a i kdy\u017e se pak \u017eivot zrychlil a d\u00edky typick\u00e9mu sledu ud\u00e1lost\u00ed promoce – prvn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce – druh\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce – t\u0159et\u00ed pr\u00e1ce – svatba – d\u00edt\u011b jsem na 15 (!) let p\u0159estala m\u00edt \u010das, nakonec jsem se ke \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tin\u011b vr\u00e1tila. Postupn\u011b za\u010dalo b\u00fdt jasn\u00e9, \u017ee tady jde o n\u011bco v\u00edc ne\u017e jen o program na jeden ve\u010der v t\u00fddnu. Diagn\u00f3za zn\u011bla jasn\u011b: omylem narozena o 2 000 kilometr\u016f d\u00e1l na v\u00fdchod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Cuenca, Castilla La Mancha<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n


\u0160pan\u011bl\u0161tina nebo kastil\u0161tina?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1zev espa\u00f1ol<\/em>, \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tina, poch\u00e1z\u00ed z v\u00fdrazu „hispaniolus“, kter\u00fd ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 latin\u011b znamenal „z Hisp\u00e1nie“. Jako synonymum tohoto slova se ve \u0160pan\u011blsku pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00fdraz castellano<\/em>, kastil\u0161tina, proto\u017ee tak se ozna\u010doval dialekt lidov\u00e9 latiny, kter\u00fd se stal z\u00e1kladem dne\u0161n\u00ed modern\u00ed \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku dnes existuj\u00ed celkem \u010dty\u0159i \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyky – \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tina, baski\u010dtina (euskera), galicij\u0161tina a katal\u00e1n\u0161tina. Obyvatel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed, kde se mluv\u00ed pouze \u0161pan\u011blsky, ozna\u010duj\u00ed jazyk jako \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tinu. V regionech, kde se mluv\u00ed tak\u00e9 ostatn\u00edmi jazyky, se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b v\u00fdraz kastil\u0161tina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vznik a v\u00fdvoj \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160pan\u011bl\u0161tina je rom\u00e1nsk\u00fd jazyk, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se – stejn\u011b jako ostatn\u00ed rom\u00e1nsk\u00e9 jazyky – vyvinula mezi 8. – 9. stolet\u00edm na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu z lidov\u00e9 latiny, kterou se mluvilo na \u00fazem\u00ed \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Pokud se nespokoj\u00edme s t\u00edmto jednoduch\u00fdm konstatov\u00e1n\u00edm, m\u016f\u017eeme ve v\u00fdvoji \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny rozli\u0161it n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u0161est etap:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Pre-rom\u00e1nsk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u017e do 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. se na \u00fazem\u00ed Pyrenejsk\u00e9ho poloostrova \u0161pan\u011blsky nemluvilo. Oblast osidlovaly r\u016fzn\u00e9 n\u00e1rody, zejm\u00e9na Keltov\u00e9, Iberov\u00e9, Baskov\u00e9 (ano, ti, co jsou tam po\u0159\u00e1d!), a tak\u00e9 F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9, Kartaginci nebo \u0158ekov\u00e9. Z t\u00e9 doby si \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tina uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 slova jako perro<\/strong> (pes), barro<\/strong> (bl\u00e1to) nebo arroyo<\/strong> (potok) a n\u011bkter\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed n\u00e1zvy – t\u0159eba Segovia. Z kelt\u0161tiny tak\u00e9 poch\u00e1z\u00ed mezi studenty \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny nechvaln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd gramatick\u00fd jev – rozd\u00edl mezi slovesy ser a estar, kter\u00e1 ob\u011b znamenaj\u00ed „b\u00fdt“, ale je pot\u0159eba rozli\u0161it kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00ed podle toho, zda se jedn\u00e1 o trval\u00fd rys nebo p\u0159echodn\u00fd stav \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Romanizace<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V roce 218 p\u0159. n. l. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 dob\u00fdvaj\u00ed Hisp\u00e1nii a prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm voj\u00e1k\u016f a obchodn\u00edk\u016f p\u0159iv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed lidovou latinu. Romanizace poloostrova trvala p\u0159es dv\u011b stolet\u00ed a polo\u017eila z\u00e1klad dne\u0161n\u00ed podob\u011b \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny, kter\u00e1 cca ze 70 % \u010derp\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b z latiny. Baskov\u00e9 s rezistenc\u00ed a hou\u017eevnatost\u00ed sob\u011b vlastn\u00ed romanizaci odolali, parafr\u00e1zov\u00e1no s J\u00e1rou Cimrmanem – byli jsme p\u0159ed \u0158\u00edmany, budeme i po nich. Baski\u010dtina p\u0159etrvala a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Obdob\u00ed invaz\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V p\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed kon\u010d\u00ed \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 dominance a n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed obdob\u00ed je charakterizov\u00e1no ciz\u00edmi vp\u00e1dy, ze severu p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed Germ\u00e1ni, Vandalov\u00e9 a Vizig\u00f3ti, jejich\u017e vliv zanechal ve \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tin\u011b zejm\u00e9na v\u00e1le\u010dnou slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu, nap\u0159\u00edklad guerra<\/strong> (v\u00e1lka), ganar<\/strong> (vyhr\u00e1t), tregua <\/strong>(p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed), esp\u00eda<\/strong> (\u0161pion). Z jihu jsou to pak Arabov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se na poloostrov\u011b usidluj\u00ed na dlouh\u00fdch 700 let a nech\u00e1vaj\u00ed po sob\u011b d\u011bdictv\u00ed v podob\u011b v\u00edce ne\u017e 4000 \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch slov arabsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, typicky t\u011bch, kter\u00e1 za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed na „-a“ a „-al“, t\u0159eba almohada<\/strong> (pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159), alba\u00f1il<\/strong> (zedn\u00edk), aceite<\/strong> (olej), alcalde<\/strong> (starosta). V tomto obdob\u00ed vznikaj\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00e9 latinsk\u00e9 dialekty: moz\u00e1rabe (zanikl\u00fd jazyk, kter\u00fdm mluvili Arabov\u00e9), castellano (pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tina), catal\u00e1n (katal\u00e1n\u0161tina), astur-leon\u00e9s a navarro-aragon\u00e9s (ze kter\u00fdch se samostatn\u00e9 jazyky nevyvinuly).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Obdob\u00ed po k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 reconquist\u011b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toto obdob\u00ed se vyzna\u010duje expanz\u00ed kastil\u0161tiny na cel\u00fd poloostrov. V\u00fdznamnou z\u00e1sluhu na tom m\u00e1 Alfonso X. \u0159e\u010den\u00fd Moudr\u00fd – mimochodem bratranec na\u0161eho P\u0159emysla Otakara II. (jejich matky byly sestry) – kter\u00fd kastil\u0161tinu vyhl\u00e1sil ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed Castilla y Le\u00f3n a z\u0159\u00eddil Toledskou \u0161kolu p\u0159ekladatel\u016f, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla za \u00fakol p\u0159elo\u017eit v\u0161echna d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed, historick\u00e1 a v\u011bd\u011bck\u00e1 d\u00edla z latiny do kastil\u0161tiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Renesance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve 14. a 15. stolet\u00ed nast\u00e1v\u00e1 opravdov\u00fd rozkv\u011bt \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny. V roce 1492 byla publikov\u00e1na prvn\u00ed Gramatika kastil\u0161tiny, rozv\u00edj\u00ed se z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00e9 objevy a \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tina expanduje za oce\u00e1n. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se obohacuje o slova, kter\u00e1 poch\u00e1z\u00ed z p\u016fvodn\u00edch jihoamerick\u00fdch jazyk\u016f: n\u00e1huatl, mayo, ke\u010dua, ta\u00edno… Takhle se ve \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tin\u011b octla slova jako tomate<\/strong> (raj\u010de), papa<\/strong> (brambora), chicle<\/strong> (\u017ev\u00fdka\u010dka) nebo tiza<\/strong> (k\u0159\u00edda).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Obdob\u00ed modern\u00edho st\u00e1tu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160pan\u011bl\u0161tina se st\u00e1v\u00e1 unifikovan\u00fdm jazykem cel\u00e9ho \u0160pan\u011blska. Sou\u010dasn\u011b se objevuj\u00ed hnut\u00ed za obnovu a zachov\u00e1n\u00ed ostatn\u00edch jazyk\u016f existuj\u00edc\u00edch na \u00fazem\u00ed st\u00e1tu, snaha, kter\u00e1 byla obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pot\u00edr\u00e1na za frankistick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu. Po jeho p\u00e1du a p\u0159ijet\u00ed nov\u00e9 \u00fastavy v roce 1978 spolu ve \u0160pan\u011blsku koexistuj\u00ed vedle \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny tak\u00e9 katal\u00e1n\u0161tina (cca 10 mil. mluv\u010d\u00edch v Katal\u00e1nsku, Valencii a na Bale\u00e1rsk\u00fdch ostrovech), Galicij\u0161tina (cca 3 mil. mluv\u010d\u00edch v Galicii) a Baski\u010dtina (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 650 000 mluv\u010d\u00edch v autonomn\u00edch oblastech Baskicko a Navarra).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Salamanca v autonomn\u00edm spole\u010denstv\u00ed Castilla y Le\u00f3n. Region je kol\u00e9bkou dne\u0161n\u00ed \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0160pan\u011bl\u0161tina jako ciz\u00ed jazyk<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160pan\u011bl\u0161tina m\u00e1 dnes celosv\u011btov\u011b cca 500 milion\u016f rodil\u00fdch mluv\u010d\u00edch, co\u017e ji \u0159ad\u00ed na druh\u00e9 m\u00edsto na \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch jazyk\u016f. Pokud jste se nenarodili jako jeden z nich, je tady pro v\u00e1s dobr\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va: jazyk je to sympatick\u00fd a jednoduch\u00fd. Psan\u00e1 podoba jazyka se nijak v\u00fdznamn\u011b neli\u0161\u00ed od podoby mluven\u00e9, co\u017e \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tinu zv\u00fdhod\u0148uje p\u0159ed jin\u00fdmi rom\u00e1nsk\u00fdmi jazyky (francouz\u0161tina, katal\u00e1n\u0161tina). P\u0159i tro\u0161e soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho \u00fasil\u00ed se u\u017e za p\u016fl roku domluv\u00edte, ve \u0160pan\u011blsku se nav\u00edc v\u017edycky do\u010dk\u00e1te podpory a v\u0159el\u00e9ho p\u0159ijet\u00ed. Snad pr\u00e1v\u011b proto se tento jazyk t\u011b\u0161\u00ed i v \u010cR velk\u00e9 oblib\u011b a p\u0159ipisujeme si celkem 35 000 student\u016f \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Jak to p\u0159esn\u011b ud\u011blat, aby pro v\u00e1s u\u010den\u00ed bylo radost\u00ed a jak\u00e9 chyby my \u010ce\u0161i typicky d\u011bl\u00e1me kdy\u017e se sna\u017e\u00edme nau\u010dit ciz\u00ed jazyk? O tom v n\u011bkter\u00e9m z p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pro\u010d je ta holka tak posedl\u00e1? \u010cerven 1995, \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e1 Valencie Ospal\u00e9 valencijsk\u00e9 hn\u00edzdo Pe\u00f1\u00edscola le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Costa del Azahar m\u00e1 za pl\u00e1\u017e\u00ed jen jednu hlavn\u00ed ulici, Avinguda de Papa Luna. \u0160koln\u00ed v\u00fdlety nejsou ve st\u0159edu z\u00e1jmu ubytovac\u00edch kapacit, a tak bydl\u00edme v posledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b dom\u016f obr\u00e1cen\u00fdch sm\u011brem do vnitrozem\u00ed. Ze sv\u00e9 postele dohl\u00e9dnu otev\u0159en\u00fdmi … <\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dovat ve \u010dten\u00ed „\u0160pan\u011bl\u0161tina“<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[5,10],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/504"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=504"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/504\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":510,"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/504\/revisions\/510"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=504"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=504"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spanelskodokapsy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=504"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}